Childhood cancer occurs in children (ages 0-14) and teenagers (ages 15-19). ~400,000 children are diagnosed annually worldwide. >80% cured in high-income countries vs <30% in low-income regions.
Types of Childhood Cancer
• Leukemias: ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic) & AML.
• Lymphomas: Hodgkin & Non-Hodgkin (Burkitt).
• Brain & CNS: Medulloblastoma, Glioma, DIPG, Ependymoma.
• Solid Tumors: Neuroblastoma, Retinoblastoma (RB1 gene mutation), Wilms Tumor (kidney), Hepatoblastoma, Osteosarcoma, Ewing Sarcoma, Sarcomas.
Warning Signs (Symptoms)
Bone/joint pain prone to fractures, unexplained swelling/lumps, sudden weight loss, lethargy, persistent fever, leukocoria (white eye reflex/squint), and changes in speech/gait/head size.
Diagnostics & Multimodal Treatments
Blood tests, CT/MRI/PET imaging, Biopsy, Bone Marrow Biopsy & Aspiration, Lumbar puncture, and Genetic testing.
Treatment: Dose-adjusted Chemotherapy, Stem Cell Transplant (allogeneic/autologous), Surgery, Immunotherapy & Targeted therapy.
Late Effects: Monitoring organ function, growth, cognition, and second cancer risks.